Last of two parts

SALVO – Out on a cactus-mined shoreline overlooking a wide and empty Hatteras Island beach, Gabriel Matthias showed off the equipment he had just finished installing. Tall sticks, with an aluminum rod attached halfway up, stood 33 feet apart in a row along the dune line. Their simple, Scout-project appearance belies the part they’re playing in an important new study off Cape Hatteras.

Eight pieces of wood, still looking fresh from the lumberyard, held a narrow aluminum rod with an antenna that receives low-frequency radio waves bounced off the ocean. They’re reading the direction and velocity of the waves, coming and going. A black cable attached to each antenna snaked across the sand to a trailer where the electronics were stored. Three-hundred feet away, the same number of antennas, arranged in two 36-foot by 10-foot rectangles, transmitted signals about 60 miles out to sea.

“They’ve been working up to this for a while,” said Matthias, a research professional at University of Georgia Skidaway Institute of Oceanography. “This is the exciting part. This is the data acquisition.”

There had been some explanatory signs attached to a few of the poles, he said, but they proved too skimpy to withstand the ocean wind. More substantial educational signs will replace them soon, so the curious passersby will know the significance of the wired poles.

Set up at four different beaches on Hatteras and Ocracoke islands, the radar went live last month. It’s the latest in an ambitious collaborative scientific project to decipher the dynamics of the water exchange between the continental shelf and the Gulf Stream, the ocean speedway that nearly brushes the crook of the Outer Banks.

One of the most powerful and consequential currents in the world, the warm Gulf Stream runs north along the edge of the Atlantic continental shelf. At Cape Hatteras, the cold waters of the Labrador Sea converge, creating tremendous movement of water that is very significant and little understood. It is here where the Gulf Stream veers east, toward Europe.

“This will allow us to see things we haven’t been able to see before,” said Dana Savidge, the project’s lead scientist with Skidaway Institute. “We’re expecting to see some very complex circulation … to find some new ways the Gulf Stream might be affecting the water on the shelf. It is going to be opening a whole new view.”

Funded by the National Science Foundation, the four-year, $5 million project has harnessed top-notch researchers and a wide range of oceanographic equipment to focus on processes that control the massive exchange of water between the continental shelf, the Gulf Stream and the open ocean. The radar, also set up on beaches in Buxton, Frisco and Ocracoke, is an important component of what Savidge calls a major oceanographic research project.

“What we’re after is a reflected signal that tells us how fast the currents are moving,” Savidge said of the radio wave equipment. “It’s been tested before, but never deployed. It’s low power, it’s temporary and we are hoping to understand a very, very interesting area better.”

The ocean is a very good conductor, she explained, allowing the radar to go a long way. Waves ride on currents, revealing current speed. Their direction can be determined by the signal’s frequency.

Even for scientists, the project name is especially unwieldy: An Observational and Modeling Study of the Physical Processes Driving Exchanges between the Shelf and the Deep Ocean at Cape Hatteras. Out of obvious necessity, the project soon became known by a shortened, more charming version: PEACH.

Project partners, in addition to Skidaway, include Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, North Carolina State University, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill and the UNC Coastal Studies Institute.

Reading data and maps on a screen is just part of PEACH’s modeling and observational activities. The data is to be published on a website, Savidge said, and people will be able to look at plots and maps with vectors on them. Ideally, locals will be able to add to the discussion of the data.

Difficult to Study

Thanks to the intense energy of everything happening in one spot off Cape Hatteras, the area has been notoriously difficult to study. For that reason, the research team will use a combination of shore-based instruments – the radar – and ocean equipment. Autonomous underwater vehicles will move along the continental shelf. Called gliders, the vessels have a slew of measuring instruments attached and can fly untethered underwater, sending data via satellite as they go. Soon, the data will be made available to fishermen and boaters.

Moorings and upward-pointing echo sounders have also been placed on the sea floor. These acoustic units will track water movement while also recording temperature and density.

Oceanographic instruments on the 250-foot naval research vessel Neil Armstrong, operated by Woods Hole researchers, were also put to work off Cape Hatteras for two weeks in April.

The crux of what scientists are studying at what they call the Hatteras Front has to do with the complicated and mysterious “forcing” mechanisms at the shelf – winds and changes in motion of the Gulf Stream. Cold water dominates the shelf north of Cape Hatteras, and warm water dominates the shelf south of Cape Hatteras, and both drift toward Cape Hatteras. The convergence results in a powerful current directed shoreward. Water depths plunge from about 60 yards at the shelf edge to as deep as 2,000 yards. That’s where the Gulf Stream is.

The combination of forcing factors has a profound influence on the volume and momentum in the ocean. Mixed layers of water vary in temperature and salinity and buoyancy. The Gulf Stream carries a huge amount of heat from low latitudes to high latitudes. Scientists want to know the behavior of the water right where it leaves the shelf.

“We know in general what causes changes,” Savidge said, “but when it is all operating together, it makes it very complex.”

The area is in the vicinity of the Point, where oil companies were interested in exploring in the 1980s and the 1990s. Situated about 40 miles off Hatteras, the area is believed to hold trillions of cubic feet of natural gas. But it is also the location of one of the richest areas of marine and bird life in the world.

The Gulf Stream travels from south to north, but it also eastward, pushed by variability in western boundary currents, seasonal conditions, atmospheric forcing and shelf water properties. Similar characteristics are found at the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence off the coasts of Argentina and Uruguay and the mixing of the warm Kuroshio and cold Oyashio currents in the Pacific, which are also boundaries between subtropical and subpolar oceanic gyres, or circulating currents, according to PEACH information provided online by the partners.

The Gulf Stream is the strongest western-boundary current, Savidge said.

“The processes that the Gulf Stream influences will be found in these other locations, too,” she said.

The research is meant to answer critical questions about the ocean’s response to climate change and the influence of marine ecosystem dynamics. Water exchanges between the shelf and deep ocean are relevant to global carbon budgets, transport of larvae and pollutants and knowledge of storm tracks and intensity.

Recent trends could be harbingers of dramatic shifts in forcing: extreme winter winds; accelerated shelf warming; fluctuations in buoyancy; large deviations in Gulf Stream position; and increased sea level rise north of Cape Hatteras. Advances in observational and modeling systems will provide new capabilities for PEACH scientists to fill in the gaps in knowledge of the processes at the coastal margins. The observations and the numerical models will enable scientists to better anticipate the way coastal systems will respond in the future.

PEACH will benefit from the five years of observations already done off the Outer Banks by the North Carolina Renewable Ocean Energy Program at the Coastal Studies Institute. The state program is studying ways to tap the enormous energy in the Gulf Stream, using both offshore vessels and long-range radar equipment funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

“The part that’s really exciting is the collaboration between CSI and the PEACH program,” said Mike Muglia, the institute program’s lead researcher. “The PEACH project will complement what we’ve been learning. We’ll get a more comprehensive view of what’s happening out there, because we’ll be getting so many more observations.”

For her part, Savidge has been studying the Gulf Stream for much of her career – her first academic paper about the Gulf Stream off South Carolina was written in 1992 and her first about Hatteras was in 2001. She said she has been working 10 years to pull PEACH together.

“There is still a lot to learn about the Gulf Stream, yes,” she said. “If we anticipate changes, there is urgency to understand. It is crucial to what we’re doing now, because there are changes coming.”

Learn More

• Research Project PEACH

Read Part 1: Project Looks to Tap Gulf Stream’s Energy

First of two parts

WANCHESE – As the Gulf Stream passes Cape Hatteras, the movement of water is some 45 times greater than the flow of every river on earth. That amount of moving water represents an extraordinary amount of potential energy, enough energy, according to the Coastal Studies Institute, that harnessing just 0.1 percent of the available power would yield the equivalent of 150 nuclear power plants. That’s 300 gigawatts of power.

Cape Hatteras is the point at which the Gulf Stream passes closest to the continental United States – about 12 miles offshore. It is also the point at which the stream is most restricted, and therefore, most accessible. This two-part special report will explore the methods researchers are using to better understand the Gulf Stream’s power.

For the past four years, the Coastal Studies Institute’s North Carolina Renewable Ocean Energy Research Program has been studying the Gulf Stream, trying to determine if its power can be harnessed.

“What is the resource? Is it viable? How does it vary? Maybe we’ll find out that it’s not a viable resource,” said Mike Muglia, lead researcher for the program.

Although it is often described as a river within the Atlantic Ocean, that description falls short of what is happening.

The Gulf Stream is more like a fire hose that no one is holding; there is always flow and a lot of it, but the actual location of that flow is constantly changing.

The key to successfully harvesting the energy of the Gulf Stream is to always be where that flow is greatest.

University of North Carolina professor John Bane is an expert in wind and ocean current energy production and has been modeling the variability of the Gulf Stream.

Speaking at a recent CSI symposium on ocean energy Bane said, “This is one of the most important aspects in considering harvesting ocean energy from the Gulf Stream. The Gulf Stream is always there, but it’s not always in the same place.”

The modeling is getting better, and with the recent addition of the PEACH, or Processes driving Exchange at Cape Hatteras, a system launched in cooperation with the University of Georgia’s Skidaway Institute of Oceanography, the ability to predict where the best resource will be is improving.

“We are getting a much better handle on variability and the resource’s specific location from the information … and modeling we’ve gathered,” Muglia said.

With predictability of the resource improving, researchers are beginning to confront the next step.

“It probably is a viable resource,” Muglia said. “How are we going to get at it? How are we going to think about this?”

Some things are known.

Turbines would harvest the energy. Although there are design features of a water turbine that are different than wind turbines, the principals are the same.

What is different, and significantly, is how the turbines would be deployed.

A wind turbine is stationary. The blades move to the wind, but the platform on which it rests does not move.

The ocean is a three-dimensional environment. The Gulf Stream flows northward but within its stream, the strongest current is constantly moving east and west. There is also the possibility that useful amounts of energy can be harvested at varying depths.

“The Gulf Stream is variable in space. It is also variable in time,” explained Chris Vermillion, assistant professor of mechanical engineering at UNC-Charlotte. Vermillion was one of the presenters at the CSI Energy Symposium.

“There are some (other) challenges. One of the challenges is the Gulf Stream is a deep-water resource. It could be a couple of hundred meters (or about 650 feet) deep while the Gulf Stream is adjacent to North Carolina,” he added.

Although a turbine theoretically can harvest ocean energy from the Gulf Stream, it’s never been done. Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton is also studying how to harness the energy of the Gulf Stream, although their focus differs from the Ocean Energy Program.

“They’ve focused more on … how you design a turbine and put it in the water and what does it do,” Muglia said.

The UNC team is focused on how that energy will be collected.

“We do have a side project that I’m collaborating on that is trying to figure out some unique way to put a turbine in the stream so that it can move,” Muglia said.

The Coastal Studies Institute

The University of North Carolina Coastal Studies Institute is a estuarine and coastal research and education facility located in Wanchese. The 213-acre campus is a partnership between East Carolina University, the UNC-Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University, UNC-Wilmington and Elizabeth City State University.

The turbine would have to be attached to a submersible – an autonomous underwater vehicle, or AUV, with the ability to move to the location of the best resource. The AUV would have two turbines attached to it, almost like propellers on an airplane wing.

There is an AUV that meets the criteria of the design team: the ISE Theseus that was developed for the Canadian Department of National Defense.

“It fits very nicely … to make this system work. You wouldn’t necessarily have to design that whole thing from scratch,” said Andre Mazzoleni, a member of the design team.

As the problem of harvesting energy underwater has been examined in detail, some things have become clear.

“It’s very unlikely a single turbine in isolation is economical. The likelier case is that turbines need to be installed in arrays. Because of the depths, it’s very unlikely a towered system is economical. The systems would have to be tethered to the ocean floor,” Muglia said. “The tether would not just be a part of the system that moves energy, but it also would be part of the system that moves information.”

The information that would be sent along the tether would tell the AUV where the best resource was located.

Any commercial harnessing of energy from the Gulf Stream is years in the future. Muglia points out, though, that the concept of energy from the ocean does not exist in isolation.

“The area that we’re working in the Gulf Stream is the only area that has been identified (by the Department of Energy) as a viable wave-energy resource on the East Coast,” he said.

There is also ongoing research at North Carolina State University to develop an ocean compressed air energy storage, or OCEAS, system. The system would use the pressure of ocean waters to compress air in storage. As the air is released it would turn a turbine, creating usable energy. Needing a minimum depth of more than 1,300 feet to operate, the requirements of an OCEAS system match the anchor depths of the tethers for the AUVs.

“You need storage, which is why compressed air research is going on,” Muglia said. “To make it economically viable, part of the thing is, you need to be able to store this energy and put it on the grid when the demand is high.”

“Part of (the) economy of scale comes from diversity,” he said. “If I’m going to go to the trouble of cabling the areas of the Gulf Stream, now I’ve got energy infrastructure in place. I truly think that if we do a project like this it’s not going to be Gulf Stream energy alone.

Learn More

• The North Carolina Renewable Ocean Energy Project

Thursday: Using Radar to Measure Currents